{"id":292,"date":"2024-04-17T11:24:19","date_gmt":"2024-04-17T08:24:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/?p=292"},"modified":"2025-08-12T12:30:45","modified_gmt":"2025-08-12T09:30:45","slug":"pirlantanin-hikayesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/pirlantanin-hikayesi\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u0131rlantan\u0131n Hikayesi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bir mineralin de\u011ferli ta\u015f say\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u015feffaf, yeterince sert ve nadir olmas\u0131 gerekir. Elmas bu kriterlerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcm de\u011ferli ta\u015flar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. De\u011ferli ta\u015flar d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel konumu, elmas\u0131n her zaman efsanelere konu olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk elmas\u0131n ne zaman ke\u015ffedildi\u011fini kesin olarak bilemesek de, ilk olarak nerede bulundu\u011funu, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar tek tedarik kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Hindistan oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Elmastan ilk kez M.\u00d6. 300 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan eski bir Hintli siyaset filozofunun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kitapta bahsedilmi\u015ftir. Kitapta o d\u00f6nemde elmas ticaretinin canl\u0131 oldu\u011fu, hatta elmas i\u015flemlerinde vergi \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fi belirtiliyor. Elmas kristalinin g\u00fczel \u015fekli ve \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131 o zamanlar \u00e7ok de\u011ferliydi. \u00c7ok g\u00fczel kabul edilen, \u00f6rne\u011fin tipik m\u00fckemmel bi\u00e7imlendirilmi\u015f oktahedron \u015fekline sahip berrak elmaslar h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara aitti ve \u00fclkede kald\u0131. Di\u011fer ta\u015flar ihra\u00e7 edildi. Peki insanlar\u0131 i\u015flenmemi\u015f ve hi\u00e7bir yerde kullan\u0131lamayacak bir \u00fcr\u00fcne, y\u00fcksek bir fiyata sahip olmaya ya da satmaya iten \u015fey neydi? Berrak bir elmastan yay\u0131lan mistik b\u00fcy\u00fc olmal\u0131. Elmas sadece g\u00fczel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici de\u011fildi. De\u011ferli ta\u015flar\u0131n en serti olmas\u0131 onu ayn\u0131 zamanda bir arzu nesnesi haline getirmi\u015ftir. Antik Yunan’da uzak bir \u00fclkeden getirilen efsanevi ta\u015flara, “g\u00f6kten d\u00fc\u015fen y\u0131ld\u0131z par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131” g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Gelene\u011fe g\u00f6re elmaslar \u201ctanr\u0131lar\u0131n yere d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r\u201d. Elmas\u0131n sertli\u011fini ifade etmek i\u00e7in Yunanl\u0131lar ona “yenilmez” anlam\u0131na gelen “adamas” ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u201celmas\u201d kelimesi bu terimden t\u00fcretilmi\u015ftir. Elmas\u0131n sertli\u011finin t\u00fcm eksenlerde ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ke\u015ffedildi. Bu olaya \u201csertlik anizotropisi\u201d denir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu anizotropi, elmas\u0131n belirli y\u00f6nlerde sertli\u011finin de\u011fi\u015fmesini ve b\u00f6ylece kesilebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Kesim, \u015fekli pek de d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmayan ham ta\u015flar\u0131n, muhte\u015fem fasetli elmaslara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemize olanak tan\u0131r. 1839’da \u00f6len Friedrich Mohs, mineralleri birbiriyle k\u0131yaslayarak, sertli\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131yla derecelendirebilen ilk ki\u015fi oldu. 10 dereceli sertlik sistemini olu\u015fturdu ve en ba\u015fa elmas\u0131 koydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elmas\u0131n ard\u0131ndan da korundum minerali ( yakut, safir ) 9. s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor. 1897’de, belirli miktarda a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcketildi\u011finde elmas\u0131n hacim kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir y\u00f6ntemin uygulanmas\u0131, etkileyici sonu\u00e7lar verdi. Elmas, Mohs sertlik skalas\u0131na g\u00f6re sadece bir seviye daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, korundumdan 140 kat daha serttir. Bu, Mohs sertlik \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde seviye 1 ile 9 aras\u0131ndaki toplam farka kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelir. Yani eski Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n inand\u0131klar\u0131 asl\u0131nda do\u011frudur. Elmas son derece serttir ve asl\u0131nda do\u011fal olarak olu\u015fan en sert malzemedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern zamanlarda elmas\u0131n tarihiyle ayr\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan bir isim de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier’dir. Merakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar cesur da olan bir 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l Frans\u0131z t\u00fcccar\u0131yd\u0131. O, Hindistan’\u0131n elmas yataklar\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret etmek i\u00e7in resmi izin almay\u0131 ba\u015faran ilk Avrupal\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde. Tavernier, 1645’te bir g\u00fcn Hindistan’da bir tepede durup Goleonda (kuzey Haydarabad) \u015fehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki j\u00fcl\u00f6r madenlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Goleonda de\u011ferli ta\u015flar\u0131yla o kadar \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc ki, ad\u0131 zenginlikle e\u015f anlaml\u0131 hale geldi. Tavernier s\u0131cak g\u00fcne\u015fin alt\u0131nda, g\u00f6zetmenlerinin g\u00f6zetiminde elmas kaz\u0131p \u00e7\u0131karan her ya\u015ftan 60.000 i\u015f\u00e7iyi g\u00f6rme f\u0131rsat\u0131 buldu. Tavernier’in seyahat kay\u0131tlar\u0131 tek tek b\u00fcy\u00fck elmaslar\u0131n kapsaml\u0131 tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman\u0131m\u0131zda okudu\u011fumuz bir\u00e7ok elmas efsanesi bu kay\u0131tlardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hikaye Tavernier’in g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f olsa da Tavernier bu ta\u015f\u0131n korkun\u00e7 hikayesinde merkezi bir rol oynuyor. Mavi Umut (Hope) elmas\u0131 belki de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en pop\u00fcler elmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier’in Hindistan’a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Hindu tanr\u0131s\u0131 Rama-Sita’n\u0131n heykelindeki g\u00f6z olan ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc mavi bir elmas\u0131 \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yor. Daha sonra tanr\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6fkelendi\u011fi ve ta\u015fa lanet yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Lanet \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden etkisini g\u00f6sterdi. Mavi ta\u015f\u0131 Kral Louis XIV’e satt\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Tavernier yoksulluk ve trajik ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. Kral \u00f6nceleri sadece lanetli \u201cmavi ta\u00e7 m\u00fccevherini\u201d tak\u0131yordu ve sonra \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Mavi ta\u015f k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra kraliyet hazinesinden \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131. 1830’da Londra’da yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bankac\u0131 Henry Thomas Hope (bu elmas\u0131n ismi Hope ad\u0131ndan geliyor )Umut elmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir mebla\u011f kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131n ald\u0131. Hope birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc. Ta\u015f, Do\u011fu Avrupal\u0131 bir prense ge\u00e7ti ve o da onu en sevdi\u011fi dans\u00e7\u0131ya hediye etti. Bu hediyeyi verdikten sadece birka\u00e7 saat sonra Prens k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k krizine girdi ve dans\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 vurdu. Yunanl\u0131 bir elmas t\u00fcccar\u0131 Umut elmas\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p tekrar satt\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra arabas\u0131n\u0131 u\u00e7uruma s\u00fcrerek kendini, e\u015fini ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Umut elmas\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alan ki\u015fi ise II. Abd\u00fclhamid’di. Bir subay darbesiyle tahttan indirilmesine yaln\u0131zca birka\u00e7 ay kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Amerikal\u0131 medya patronu Edward McLean, 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda elmas\u0131 ald\u0131. Bir y\u0131l sonra Titanik’le son yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. McLean’\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131 sonunda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 dozda uyku hap\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Umut elmas\u0131n\u0131n son sahibi Amerikal\u0131 m\u00fccevher sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 Harry Winston’d\u0131. Ta\u015f\u0131n eski sahiplerinin kaderini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak elmas\u0131 halka arz etmeye karar verdi. Umut elmas\u0131n\u0131 Washington’daki Smithsonian Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc’ne hediye olarak sundu. 45,52 karatl\u0131k elmas hala bu m\u00fczede g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elbette bu t\u00fcr hikayeler tamamen do\u011fru olmayabilir ama elmaslar\u0131n gizemli cazibesini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Bu hikayeler ayn\u0131 zamanda elmaslar\u0131n bu gezegende en iyi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan mineraller haline gelmesine de katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elmas\u0131n Olu\u015fum Jeolojisi: Elmas yaln\u0131zca tek bir elementten, karbondan olu\u015fur. Ancak elmas\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra grafit de saf karbonun bir formudur. P\u0131rlantaya e\u015fsiz sertli\u011fini veren \u015fey, birbirine s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f atomik kafesidir. Elmas\u0131n kristal yap\u0131s\u0131 k\u00fcbik sistemdir.Elmas genellikle oktahedrondur (8 y\u00fczeyli) ve daha az s\u0131kl\u0131kla bir k\u00fcp (6 y\u00fczeyli) veya e\u015fkenar d\u00f6rtgen (12 y\u00fczeyli) \u015feklindedir. Elmas\u0131n tam olarak kristalle\u015fme s\u00fcreciyle ilgili bir\u00e7ok teori vard\u0131r. Bu teorilerin t\u00fcm\u00fc sentetik elmas \u00fcretimine y\u00f6nelik laboratuvar deneylerine dayanmaktad\u0131r. En \u00e7ok bilinen teori a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir. Elmas, erimi\u015f bir k\u00fctlede, yani so\u011futucu s\u0131v\u0131 magmada bir kristal olarak olu\u015fur. Bu i\u015flem i\u00e7in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 1300 derecedir ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 yakla\u015f\u0131k 70.000 atm’dir. Bu t\u00fcr ortam ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca yer y\u00fczeyinin 130 – 200 kilometre alt\u0131ndaki derinliklerde aktif volkanlarda meydana gelir. Olu\u015fum s\u00fcrecinin kimyasal denklemi \u015fu \u015fekildedir: 2FeS + CO = 2FeO + S2 + C (Elmas)
Di\u011fer teoriler s\u0131cakl\u0131k ve bas\u0131n\u00e7 i\u00e7in bir dereceye kadar farkl\u0131 de\u011ferler kullan\u0131r. Kimyasal denklem di\u011fer teorilere g\u00f6re k\u0131smen veya tamamen farkl\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erimi\u015f k\u00fctlenin kimyasal bile\u015fimi her yerde ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve \u00e7ok yava\u015f kristalle\u015fme s\u00fcreci s\u0131ras\u0131nda da de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olabilece\u011finden b\u00fcy\u00fcyen elmas\u0131n kimyas\u0131nda ufak tefek de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olur. \u00d6rne\u011fin karbonlar\u0131n aras\u0131na azot atomlar\u0131 girince sar\u0131 elmaslar olu\u015ftu. Elmastaki farkl\u0131 renklerin yo\u011funlu\u011fu i\u00e7erisine giren eser elementlerin miktar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fcme ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fkenlik de elmasa etki edecektir; d\u00fczensiz, \u00e7arp\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme formlar\u0131, ikiz kristaller veya b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin aniden sona ermesi vb. B\u00fcy\u00fcme \u015fekilleri, ikiz katmanlar ve b\u00fcy\u00fcme katmanlar\u0131 \u015feklindeki yap\u0131sal hatalar d\u00fczensiz kristalle\u015fmenin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Nadir durumlarda, daha eski b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f elmaslar\u0131n \u00e7evresinde yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fcyen elmaslara da rastl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elmas\u0131n olu\u015fumuna ili\u015fkin teorilerin aksine, 130 ila 200 kilometre derinlikteki kayalar\u0131n, volkanik patlamalar (ma\u011fmatik kaya\u00e7lar) taraf\u0131ndan p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclerek d\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu nedenle elmaslar\u0131n patlamalar yoluyla yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elmas havaya maruz kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1200 santigrat derecede yava\u015f yava\u015f grafite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yery\u00fcz\u00fcne y\u00fckseli\u015finin \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini tahmin edebiliyoruz. H\u0131zl\u0131 so\u011fuma ve bas\u0131n\u00e7taki azalma nedeniyle elmas, grafite d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeden yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya tarihi boyunca belirli aral\u0131klarla olu\u015fan \u015fiddetli volkanik patlamalar sonucunda elmaslar yery\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcn bildi\u011fimiz en gen\u00e7 volkanik bacalar\u0131n jeolojik tarihlenmesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyindeki \u00e7aplar\u0131 birka\u00e7 d\u00fczine metre ile en fazla iki kilometre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Derinlik artt\u0131k\u00e7a birka\u00e7 metreye kadar daral\u0131yor. Bacalar\u0131n jeolojik ya\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elmaslar asl\u0131nda “kimberlit” ad\u0131 verilen volkanik kayalarda birikirler. Kimberlit, ad\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcney Afrika’n\u0131n Kimberley kentinden al\u0131yor. Elmas i\u00e7eren kimberlitler yaln\u0131zca elmaslar ve magma i\u00e7in “ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131” g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, kimberlitin elmaslar\u0131n ana kayas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmekte fayda vard\u0131r. Daha ziyade sadece elmas\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 kayas\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak \u015funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir ki, elmas\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli ko\u015fullar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde art\u0131k mevcut de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Volkanik bacalar\u0131n k\u00fcresel da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nedeni ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, orijinal k\u0131ta Pangea’n\u0131n kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck yataklar\u0131n iki merkezde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir. En \u00e7ok elmas \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler; Zaire. Botsvana, G\u00fcney Afrika, Rusya, Namibya ve Angola\u2019d\u0131r. D\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 80’inden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131yorlar, ancak elmaslar ayn\u0131 zamanda Kanada, Brezilya, Bolivya, Guyana, Venezuela, Gine, Sierra Leone, Liberya, Fildi\u015fi Sahili, Gana, Tanzanya, \u00c7in, Endonezya, Hindistan ve Orta Afrika Cumhuriyeti’nde de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck miktarlarda \u00fcretiliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bir mineralin de\u011ferli ta\u015f say\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u015feffaf, yeterince sert ve nadir olmas\u0131 gerekir. Elmas bu kriterlerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcm de\u011ferli ta\u015flar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda gelir. De\u011ferli ta\u015flar d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel konumu, elmas\u0131n her zaman efsanelere konu olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebidir. \u0130lk elmas\u0131n ne zaman ke\u015ffedildi\u011fini kesin olarak bilemesek de, ilk olarak nerede bulundu\u011funu, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar tek tedarik kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n … <\/p>\n

Okumaya devam et “P\u0131rlantan\u0131n Hikayesi”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/292"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=292"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/292\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":298,"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/292\/revisions\/298"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=292"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=292"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pirlantaakademi.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=292"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}